Fortune in Troilus and Criseyde - Literature Essay Samples

As a poem that presents tragedy within love as inevitable, in Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer also explores the forces that control this downfall: Fortune, the planets and free will. These can be separated in to two categories, those that exist in the human world, and those that are of a higher power. However, Boethius’ ‘Consolation of Philosophy’- a key text in Chaucer’s process of writing- states that â€Å"the free exercise of the human will is part of destiny†[1]. This definition renders the distinction between free will and fortune as inaccurate if human will is seen as part of a greater scheme. This is portrayed through Chaucer’s work in that human intervention in the form of Pandarus occurs and still Troilus is thrown from the wheel. Therefore, Troilus and Criseyde explores not only the effects of tragedy in love but the cause of both the fortune and misfortune that is bestowed upon the characters. Within the poem, Fortune is viewed as the traditional symbol of a wheel. Whilst the associations with Fortune are good, Chaucer specifies that â€Å"cessed she Fortune anon to be†[1] if she were unable to set another on the wheel in her favour. This suggests that in order for the idea of Fortune to exist in Troilus and Criseyde, it must be a force with the ability to induce pain as well as pleasure. This is evident from Book I, which provides a suggestion of inevitable failure in love in the verses to come: â€Å"how his aventures fellen/ From wo to wele, and after out of joie† (Chaucer, Book 1: l.6-7). Structurally, the sentence echoes the overall structure of the five books; the ‘happiness’ of good fortune characterises approximately the first three books, whilst the last two are encompassed by the ‘wo’ of bad fortune. This translates to a wheel in that Troilus is put in good favour for almost the same amount of time he is in bad favour, pres enting the idea of an equilibrium. In order for there to remain a balance in not only Troilus’s fortunes but the rest of the human world, the good must be offset with the bad and vice versa. It also suggests a self-fashioning in Chaucer’s writing, suggesting a further theme that Fortune is not so arbitrary through displaying it as symmetrical. However, the focus cannot be on the two experiences as separate entities but coming together â€Å"out of joie†; love is the unifying factor, suggesting that you cannot love someone without also feeling pain. This encompasses also the medieval idea of courtly romance in that during a courtship, there is an intense feeling of love sickness. Yet the repetition of differing forms of ‘wo’ presents the idea not only of a love sickness, but a mourning of a loss of love, thus echoing the symbolic death and ‘twynnyng’(Chaucer, Book IV, l.1302) of lovers in Book IV. Additionally, it can also be seen not on ly how Fortune must exist as a wheel but also that the control of the wheel lies above the earthly sphere. This suggests an undeniable element of tragedy within the romance in that whether Fortune is an arbitrary force or not, Troilus and Criseyde are unable to control where they are placed on the wheel. Furthermore, whilst Fortune is portrayed as a wheel that humans have no control over, Chaucer does suggest at a certain amount of control within the human sphere in the way that each individual responds to what they are given. Whilst Troilus mourns Criseyde until his death, she tries to make the best out of a bad situation. Therefore, Chaucer sees Fortune as not a way of bringing good luck, but as a balance; in order for good to occur in the world, there must be a balancing of evil. Once Chaucer establishes Fortune as a force that is out of human control, there continues to be an exploration of whether it is tailored to each individual or whether it is a force common to all. This also explores whether Fortune is a completely arbitrary force or if the fortune it bestows is in direct correlation to the actions of the individuals. And when a wight is from hire whiel ythrowe, Than laugheth she, and maketh hym the mowe.† (Chaucer, Book IV, l.6-7) From the beginning of Book IV, Fortune is portrayed as a force that individually targets Troilus as opposed to being random. This is emphasised through the patriarchal use of language- ‘hym’- that suggests that Fortune is not only tailored to individuals, but Troilus alone. Yet the tragedy does not occur to Troilus alone; a romance typically denotes man and woman. Criseyde is omitted from not only this sentence, but from almost this entire process of grief. This malicious behaviour is emphasised by her act ion of laughing, suggesting that as a wider force Fortune cares little for the consequences of the events she causes in only one person’s life. Additionally, the grimace she induces provides one of the many mirroring acts within Troilus and Criseyde. Similarly to how Troilus experiences pain through love sickness throughout Book II, he now experiences pain through the loss of this love. Yet, the treatment of Fortune here is dualistic in that it appears as an arbitrary force also. Despite previous references to Troilus as an individual, the impersonal phrase ‘a wight’ presents this statement as a wider comment as to the fortune of all men. Furthermore, the phrase ‘and when’ suggests that being thrown from the ‘whiel’ is simply inevitable; if there were a chance that man could exist with only good fortune, Chaucer could have simply used ‘if’. The use of pronouns in this Book is especially important as Fortune is personified as ‘her’, suggesting that human intent imbues every actions she takes. Mann[1] suggests that in capitalising Fortune to the goddess Fortuna, human beings can deceive themselves in to thinking the force as independent from themselves. This is supported by the traditional image of Fortuna as blindfolded, suggesting that even she is controlled by chance when she bestows the good or bad. This proceeds to the conclusion that perhaps the nature of Fortune has not changed over the course of the three books; it remains about perspective. At the beginning of Book IV, Troilus remains in the grips of grief and therefore sees Fortune as not an arbitrary force but one specific to pushing him to tragedy. To view it from Diomedes perspective, his fortunes at this point turn for the better. Additionally, from Criseyde’s perspective, tragedy has occurred yet she understands that through lack of choice she must find another lover for protection. Thus, Chaucer’s treatment of F ortune, whilst fixed, does change through perspective of the character and does not occur ‘without a reason’. Therefore, it can be argued that whether Fortune predestines one’s futures or if it occurs by chance, it remains not about controlling the fates but the human reaction to what it given out to each of us. Whilst Fortune plays an important part in the romance of Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer also acknowledges Fortune as only one of the non-human entities that control human lives. The planets such as Venus and Mars feature as having a certain influence when in the right alignment; their influence depends on what each planets represent and how this corresponds to the occurrences on Earth. Through tracing the influence of Venus throughout the books, we can see where the planets also have an influence. A crucial section within Book II displays how Fortune and Venus work in unison: â€Å"And also blisful Venus, wel arrayed [†¦] To helpe sely Troilus of his woo† (Chaucer, Book II, l. 673-683) Through positioning the influence of Venus within the initial courtship of Criseyde and Troilus, it suggests that the planet of love aided them in coming together. This is emphasised through the use of ‘also’, suggesting that Fortune alone may not be sufficient in encouraging th e love affair. Yet it is also implied that Venus works separately from Fortune through the description of Troilus ‘of his woo’, insinuating that he is destined for tragedy through being at the mercy of fortune alone. Even with this implication, the planets are still seen as a secondary influence to Fortune. To support this, the Ptolemaic structure of spheres must be referred to as it presents planetary alignment as a higher power than Fortune. Through Fortune controlling earthly events, it remains at an almost human level whilst Venus remains in a sphere of light above earth. This suggests Venus remains as perfect and incorruptible, whereas Fortune presides in an area where it can be corrupted. It can also be seen as a higher power in that Venus remains unchanged in its support of love whereas Fortune is changeable through the symbol of the wheel. This constancy can be seen in the alignment of the planets being apparent in the romance between Diomede and Criseyde: †Å"brighte Venus folwede and ay taught/ The wey.† (Chaucer, Book V, l.1016) The phrase ‘folwede’ suggests that whenever the planets are in alignment, they influence human action. Through encouraging love for Diomede also, it suggests that planetary alignment is not as specific as Fortune is portrayed to be towards Troilus; it remains a force higher than this in influencing whoever is in the right situation. Therefore, Chaucer treats Fortune as only one of higher powers that influence human situation. Yet, Fortune is seen as more prominent in that it deals directly with human affairs, instead of being a secondary aid as Venus is seen as throughout Book II especially. Fortune is not only used in the aspects of love, but must be viewed as a wider force capable of penetrating all areas of life. Whilst Chaucer primarily uses Fortune within romance, he also uses wider events such as the Trojan siege to suggest its influences in other matters. Through the siege in the background, it also connects this idea of Fortune as a wider force yet also influencing individual fates. Through his name alone, Troilus is inextricably linked to the fate of Troy, alluding to the Troilus as a symbol of premature death. Also, through using the inevitable downfall of Troy, it suggests how Fortune is an arbitrary force that can control the lives of many. Troilus therefore becomes a symbol of the fate of Troy, linking the fates of all men and his fate within his romance with Criseyde. Therefore, Fortune is treated both as a wider force and one individual to certain men; it is only through the genre of romance and the intimate focus on Troilus that we see it predominantly as a force specific to certain people. Bibliography Boethius, ‘Consolation of Philosophy’ in The Cambridge Companion to Chaucer, ed. by Jill Mann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) Chaucer, G. Troilus and Criseyde, ed. by Barry Windeatt (London: Penguin Books, 2003) Mann, J. ‘Chance and Destiny in Troilus and Criseyde and the Knight’s Tale’ in The Cambridge Companion to Chaucer, ed. by Jill Mann (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003)

Education Is A Fundamental Right For Everyone - 965 Words

Education is a fundamental right for everyone. However is that right being challenged in today’s society? Are the rights of those who are entitled to fair education being infringed upon due to policy and funding? These concerns are not only of today’s parents and future parents. These are also concerns of current students who are striving to obtain and maintain an education. Our economic standards are changing and could a fair education for the poor be on the brink of extinction? Extinction seems like a harsh word to refer to the condition of our current education system. Nevertheless, we need to use descriptive words to express ourselves, in order to get the message across to those who are blind and deaf to what is happening to our American education system. So what are our leaders doing about our education system? In my opinion they are not doing enough. Let’s start by taking a look at our history of education system, what is our education report card, educatio n reform, and in conclusion the cost of education. In order to understand our economic condition on education, we need to understand its history. Over the last 250 years our education system has experienced many changes. During the time of colonial education era, the primary students were those children of the upper class, and were offered to white students only. These students learned reading, writing, basic math, poems, and prayers. At the time of the colonial education period, textbooks were limited, so studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Race And Education847 Words   |  4 Pagesincapable of preventing their darkness from permeating the environment; stifling the dreams of young men and women who look like me. This is the message that is lost amongst the fury and emotion that surrounds race relations. 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Vermont Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Vermont, the Green Mountain State 2019

Working professionals are heading back to school in search of career advancement in the Green Mountain State of Vermont. Colleges and universities are training students to compete for prime job opportunities in top Vermont industries. Whether looking for an associate degree, bachelor degree, or graduate degree, students from all life situations can now achieve their educational goals easier than ever before. Top 5 Vermont Industries Employ Graduates of Vermont Colleges and Universities Vermont college students study to secure top positions with prominent Vermont employers. The top 5 industries that hire graduates of Vermont universities and colleges include: Vermont Trade, Transportation, and Utilities. Vermont Government. Vermont Manufacturing. Vermont Leisure and Hospitality. Vermont Professional and Business Services. Vermont College Graduates Experience 5.6% Increase in Yearly Salary Tourism, to areas such as Killington Ski Resort, Okemo, Manchester, and other vacation destinations, provides Vermont with a very healthy economy. Additional boosts to the economy include manufacturing and captive insurance. Vermont college graduates enter a profitable economic atmosphere that boasts: The 2016 2017 Vermont median household income was $49,808, a 5.6 % increase from the previous year. The September, 2017 Vermont unemployment rate was 3.2%, a full percentage point below the national average. The 2017 Vermont gross state product was $22.1 billion. 3,548 people are employed in Vermont. .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309:active, .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ub45c3fe888494ee37d04a023fb7b0309:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Managers and Management Training Through ExampleVermont Universities are Easily Accessible to Students throughout the State Working professionals, single parents, and students from all life situations can now easily attend Vermont college degree programs. Through advanced technology, unique combinations of campus-based and online degree programs are available at Vermont schools, such as: Kaplan University: Nursing Degrees, Criminal Justice Degrees, and Business Degrees. University of Phoenix: Nursing Degrees, Management Degrees, and Criminal Justice Degrees. Warren National University: Computer Science Degrees and Engineering Degrees. Capella University: Psychology Degrees and Nonprofit Agency Degrees. Prospective students may request additional information from any Vermont school of choice by filling out a brief profile form. An extensive list of Vermont colleges and universities is available through College-Pages.com, the leading education and career resource website. 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Personal Narrative Why Do Not - 1465 Words

TITLE†¦. â€Å"WHY?† â€Å"WHY NOT?† â€Å"TELL ME, WHY?† â€Å"Because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Because?† â€Å"Because...I was curious and it looked fun!† â€Å"Next time, you will ask me before you do something like this again. DO YOU UNDERSTAND?† â€Å"Yes!† â€Å"Promise me that you will never do that again† â€Å"I pro†¦ â€Å"Jillian! Jillian! Come down for breakfast. Your milk is getting cold, called my mom. My mom’s voice woke me up. ‘OH NO†¦ I didn’t see what happened at the end; thankfully it was only a dream’, I muttered to myself. It was a scary dream. I never — and I mean never — want that ever to happen to me in real life. Deep inside, I know it wouldn’t, but I still felt uneasy. I quickly put on my slippers, brushed my hair, picked up one of my favourite stuffed toy, Tutu, and rushed down the stairs. It was a beautiful day. The morning air was refreshing and smelled sweet. Ah, so pretty! I said aloud, taking a deep long breath. I ran across the backyard, with Tutu tucked under my arm. As I walked outside, I could hear the breeze singing my name and see the grass dancing for me. â€Å"JILLIAN, COME INSIDE RIGHT NOW AND EAT YOUR BREAKFAST. Running back inside, I quickly gulped down the milk, which was as cold as ice. I heard a familiar voice talking to someone on the phone. Immediately, I knew it was my dad’s voice. But why was he at home? Wasn’t he supposed to be at his work? Many questions ran through my mind at once. Mom, dad is still here? He hasn t gone to his work today? I said, overwhelmed with joy. BeingShow MoreRelatedNarrative Is The Root Of Some Fields1510 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative is the root of some fields which includes education, rhetoric, literature, religion, law, history: culture (Wilson, 1989). It can be seen as a tool to create traditions and symbols as means of communication and it is a source to understand and strengthen the identity of the organisation (Kroeze and Keulen, 2013). 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Different Types of Organizational Structure - 1406 Words

Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. – Steve Jobs As Steve Jobs states in the opening quote, â€Å"Your work is going to fill a large part of your life†, †and the only way to do great work is to love what you do†. Growing up we all had dreams of what organization we would work for. We dreamt of either owning our own organization or working for someone else’s. We all had different dreams because we all have a different genetic makeup that determined our personality†¦show more content†¦38. Joining and staying with the organization is the ability to get qualified employees to join and organization and stay. Maintaining work attendance is capability â€Å"to have everyone show up for work at the scheduled times.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 39-40. There have been more than 17,000 words that have been identified to describe personalities. Those 17,000 words have been narrowed down to five abstract personalities: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience and extraversion. â€Å"Conscientiousness characterizes people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 42. Agreeableness, â€Å"includes traits of being trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 42. Neuroticism, â€Å"characterizes people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 42. Openness to experience refers, â€Å"to the extent to which people are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 43. Extraversion, â€Å"characteri zes people who are outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable and assertive.† (McShane, 2013) pg. 43. As stated by Amarilis your personalities may change overtime and it is importantShow MoreRelatedComparison of Different Organizational Structures1425 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational structure For any organization to be effective there has to be an effective organizational structure in place. An organizational structure is therefore a typically hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. In other words it is a form of structure that determines the hierarchy and reporting structure in the organization. In lay mans language it is referred to as organizational chart. An organizational structure that isRead MoreOrganizational Archetypes1355 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Organizational Archetypes Grantham University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine Mintzberg’s organizational archetypes and to explain why an organizational template is a good idea. It will also explore briefly, the subject of teamwork and leadership and why there are not enough true leaders today. Organizational Archetypes To be successful, an organization has to be made up of quality people. It also hasRead MoreThe Structure of the Hotel Industry1587 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Are the Differences in Organizational Structures? Organizational structure development is driven by an organization s type. According to Lamar University, organizational structure is, â€Å"the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate to achieve an organization s goals.† Depending on the type of business or organization, the organizational structure will be developed differently. For example, if you were runningRead MoreFred Meyer Organizational Structure Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe Process of Fred Meyer’s Organizational Structure Selection MGT230 January 29, 2013 The Process of Fred Meyer’s Organizational Structure Selection Introduction According to Bateman and Snell, â€Å"Two fundamental concepts around which organizations are structured are differentiation and integration† (2011, pg. 227). Differentiation refers to the different units that work on different kinds of tasks with the use of different skills and work methods in anRead MoreDisadvantages Of Organizational Structure811 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational structure is a framework used to define the hierarchy of an organization. â€Å"An organization’s structure depends on a number of factors, including culture, top management’s preferences, the number of employees, geographic dispersion and the range of a company’s products and services† (Walston, 2014, p. 274). Also, it dictates individual job, its function, workflow and reporting system within the organization. This structure is developed to operate the organization efficiently and obtainRead MoreOrganizational Culture : An Organization Function1188 Wo rds   |  5 PagesOrganizational Culture The organizational culture is essentially the personality of the company. Each workplace has a unique atmosphere because of the different types of people that work there. These people bring their experiences into the office and through interaction, create a culture within the company. It is important to recognize the organizational culture just like it is important to recognize a country’s culture; it makes business interactions go smoother when you are informed about theRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesTo: MG 561 Class From: Jessica Rushing Subject: â€Å"Organizational Structure† Introduction: Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organization. In this memo, I willRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Culture661 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Introduction In this week’s assignment we will be looking at organizational structure and organizational culture. We will first look at how organizational culture impacts organizational structure and vice versa. Then look at how organizational structure interacts and impacts the organization’s decision process. Organizational Cultures Impact on Organizational Structure The first part of this week’s assignment was to look at how organizational structure impactsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Organisational Functions882 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween organizational functions and its impact that can have upon organizational structure. Organizational functions within an organization are Sales and Marketing, production, human resources, finance, Research development, and Purchasing etc. Each of them work together to achieve the organizational objectives. Interrelation of these function relay on the base on dependency and also the structure of organization. Relationship of these function different in each organizational structure. InterrelationRead More Organizational Behavior Essay973 Words   |  4 Pages Organizational Behavior: A Case of Effective Management nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; â€Å"Organizational structure is the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate and work together to achieve the organization’s goals†. (George et al, 2002). The importance of structure can’t be stressed enough. Having an organizational structure ensures that each member of the organization has the correct goals of their particular

Doe Season Free Essays

The fiction of â€Å"Doe Season† is about the story of Andy who would like to be a boy rather than a girl. In her mind, it was the world for men and her father agree with her by giving her a men’s name. She tried to be a real man and share responsibility as a man. We will write a custom essay sample on Doe Season or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think the story is focus on the relationship between Andy and her father. At the beginning of the story, Charlie thought she was only a little girl that activities like hunting was not suit for her. But her father insisted Andy won’t bother them and let her go with them. This part of story is presented by forms of dialogue. It showed Andy’s father completely believe Andy can do a good job as a boy. She was strong enough in his mind. Thus, the relationship between Andy and her father was built. In the 54 paragraph, Andy’s farther said with grinning, â€Å"Didn’t I say she could find animals? † It reveals Andy’s father was super proud of his daughter. These plots were added to promote Andy and her father’s relationship. Then, let us talk of Mac. He thought he could do anything better than her because he is a boy and Andy is a girl. He made fun of Andy, and Andy disliked him. It seems less important to show the relationship between Andy and Mac. However, I realized what if Andy is a real boy? If the protagonist was a boy at start, what will happen later in this story? So I think Mac was a shadow of her age. The author used this character to contrast. This is the plot to build the relationships between protagonist and other people. An obbligato character is Andy’s mother. â€Å"Andy’s mother kissed her and her father and said, ‘Well, have a good time’ and ‘Be careful’ † (511). Andy’s mother showed her love as a mother and wife. She was a typically mild woman. And in paragraph 45, the plot change to relate to ocean and Andy’s mother. â€Å"It was huge and empty, yet always moving†(514). She dislike the ocean and afraid to be a person like her mother. She loved her mother but she didn’t like to join womanhood. So I think the author put the ocean and Andy’s mother together was quite good. The ocean was empty related to women’s meaningless. It implies she yearn for men’s life. However, she changed her idea at the end of the story. When â€Å"the image of the doe falling, falling, then rising again, repeated itself whenever she closed her eyes† (520), she started realizing she couldn’t be so strong. Later, her father used his knife to cut the doe and asked her to watch it, but she run away. At that time, she deeply thought she couldn’t change anything. She would be a woman like her mother. This part of plot was built to tell us everyone has their own experience of the loss. But it is reasonable and unavoidable. How to cite Doe Season, Essay examples

Strategic Management for Business Level Strategy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Business Level Strategy. Answer: Summary of SWOT Strength Electronic vehicle infrastructure structure acted as biggest for the company to gain appreciation in the target market. High level of confidentiality helped organization in implementing their action plan easily. Also confidentiality decreased the problem of data theft and other crimes as well. Low cost of marketing helped the company invests their funds in other resourceful activities (Birk 2015). Weakness In todays era, Tesla Motors faces the difficulty in arranging funds due to which they face difficulty in expanding their business. Also Tesla faces high debt load which cuts the earnings of the organization. Opportunities Due to emergence of electronic vehicles in the society, the governments also support the customers to purchase such vehicles from the company and earn rewards. Increment in the prices of oil and gas will give a push to the demand of electric vehicles due to which the company will also increase the supply of them in the market (Radius 2017). Threats Lack of adequate knowledge about EV in the minds of customers is the biggest threat to the organization Tesla. People are inefficient in analyzing the benefits of such vehicles and its use due to which the demand of the product decrease. Also it dissatisfies them as they do not know how to use them (Tansel 2015). Identification of Teslas Strategies Business Level Strategy: the business level strategy which is currently used by Tesla is focused differentiation. Focused differentiation refers to the strategy which combines elements of two or more generic business strategies of Porter. Cost leadership, differentiation and focus are the three main strategies with the blend of which the focus differentiation strategy is formed. Under this strategy the organization Tesla focused on small groups of customers present in the target market and provides them differentiated products so as to meet their demand present in the market. Tesla targeted the early adopters present in the market who hold high income and have the potential to purchase the electric vehicles supplied by the company. Understanding the above statements, it was seen that the organization identified and picked the customers who have keen interest in buying the technological innovative products present in the market and have the serious mindset to buy the product. This met hod helped the company to accurately analyze the prospective buyers and serve the product to them and create identification in the market (Tansel 2015). Corporate Strategy: The corporate strategy which Tesla used is its business functions is the mixture of product development and vertical integration in the manufacturing process. With the use of product development strategy the organization aimed to become the leading market innovator in the field of automotive. The company also invested in the field of research and development so as to make their vehicles more affordable and attractive in the market. The main aim of the organization the initiation of this strategy was to enter in the high end target market under which the customer only requires the quality product for which they are willing to premium amount as well. Later after receiving satisfactory results from the customers they aimed to drive to increase the sales, for this purpose the company reduced the prices of their vehicles due to which more products were sold in high volume. This strategy helped Tesla to substantially gain the customers in the market (Hill 2013). Co-operative Strategy: under the co-operative strategy, the organization developed a strategic alliance with other profound companies present in the target market. This process helped the organization to make use of fame of other companies and initiate he sale of their organization as well. Tesla formed their alliance with many company like Mercedes Benz, Toyota, Daimler, with the initiation of this process the company also eliminated the competition as these are those companies which are present in same target market and serve same kind of products. So, co-operative strategy gives advantage to both the company and cuts competition. Further this type of strategy helped the company to equalize their skills which lacking in their organizations process. The company made use of resources present with other company with the help of which they developed their core competencies in the market. Also international expansion program was also initiated in the company with the implementation of c o-operative strategy (Nykvist, and Nilsson 2015). International Level Strategy: this strategy refers to the plan that directs the international transaction happening between the companies of different countries. In order to initiate the international transaction the company needs to take care of the language, belief and culture of the other so as to initiate the transaction without any hindrance. The international strategy of Tesla played an important role in helping the company to grow in the international market of automobile. Transactional international business strategy was initiated by Tesla which helped the electric vehicles to increase the sales worldwide (Hoang, and Rothaermel 2016). Under this process the company co-operated and co-ordinated the business between the head office and other operational divisions of the organization. This strategy of the company helped them to circulate their business actins worldwide but keep the profits centralized only. Also this strategy helped the organization to gain the satisfaction of l ocal customers by spreading their business in different part of the world. The area where Tesla is most prominent in serving their products is US, Australia, Asia, Canada and Europe. Also the company headquartered in California (Rothaermel 2015). Strategic Issues faced by Tesla Long Production Cycle: long process of production cycle leads to increasing demand of the product in the competitive market and decrease in the supply of them. Resulting to which the customers get agitated while waiting due to which their level of satisfaction decreases and the customers switches to products of competitors brands. Tesla needs to speed up their production process otherwise it can act as a major threat for the organization. Due to this issue the company is also unable to meet up to the demand of the product forecasted in the target market. One of the reason due to which the organization faces this issue is the lack of adequate human resource, lack of human resources leads to increase in the production and manufacturing process and substantially the customers receives the products late. Thus, such complication shall be resolved by the organization on the highest priority so as to increase the sales volume of the product currently present in the market (Martin 2014). Rise in price of raw material: the company Tesla spends billions of dollars on the purchasing the massive batteries and sub-parts of the vehicles. supposing if the company produces around 500,000 cars then they need to purchase a large amount of lithium ion batteries which cost a huge expense to the company due to which the prices of the product also increases. Also the company faces the dilemma that if they sell the product at high prices, very few customers gets interested in actually buying it, and if they lowers the prices then they are unable to compensate with the expenses of raw material. Also it shall be noted that the company cannot even replace the raw material expense of lithium with that of some other cheap material like silicon because with the use of silicon the products are not made according to the expectations. Thus, the high prices of raw material acts as a major concern for the company (Chen, and Perez 2015). Cut-throat competition: although currently the company is gaining competitive edge in the target market but this situation will not survive for a long time as there is cut throat competition present in the market of electric cars. Companies like, Honda, Toyota, Ford etc. have also now gained the competence of producing the electric vehicles, so this gives the power to the customers as they can easily switch between many other companies products present in the market. Electric vehicles are the sole product with the help of which the company is sustaining in the target market and if the customer will find alternative for this product then will become difficult for the company to survive their current growth in the target market. Due to which competition acts as a major issue of concern in the target market (Mosey, and Kirkham 2017). Conclusion and Recommendations Thus in the limelight of above-mentioned events it shall be noted that the company Tesla has the competence to ace the target market they just need to analyze and eliminate their strategic issues. Further the recommendation to Tesla Motors is discussed below: The company should make use of upgraded technology and employ adequate human resource who can match up to the product and create them without any issues. Qualified human resource will also help the company to acknowledge new and innovative technology and make use of it in the production process to increase its pace. Tesla should find supplier of raw material who sell the product at feasible rates. This will help the company to decrease the cost of production. Lastly, in order to eliminate competition the company should focus on their core competencies and effective work on them so as to gain competitive edge in the target market (Wieland, Hartmann, and Vargo 2017). References Birk, D., 2015. Tesla Motors, Inc. Market Analysis and Definition. Chen, Y. and Perez, Y., 2015. Business model design: lessons learned from Tesla Motors. InGERPISA International Conference. Hill, J, 2013. electronic vehicle sale expected to grow globally to 1.8 miilion by 2023. Viewed on November 6, 2017 from https://cleantechnica.com/2014/08/12/electric-vehicle-sales-expected-grow-globally-1-8-million-2023/ Hoang, H. and Rothaermel, F.T., 2016. How to Manage Alliances Strategically.MIT Sloan Management Review,58(1), p.69. Martin, C., 2014.Driving change in the battery industry(Doctoral dissertation, Nature Research). Mosey, S. and Kirkham, P., 2017. 2 Entrepreneurial strategy.Building an Entrepreneurial Organisation, p.21. Nykvist, B. and Nilsson, M., 2015. Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles.Nature Climate Change,5(4), pp.329-332. Radius, 2017. Tesla Motors: achieving excellence and innovation overseas. Viewed on November 6, 2017 from https://www.radiusworldwide.com/knowledge/case-studies/case-study-tesla-motors Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Tansel, A.K., 2015. Analysis of Tesla Motors Marketing Communications Strategy. Tansel, A.K., 2015. Marketing Report on" Tesla Motors". Wieland, H., Hartmann, N.N. and Vargo, S.L., 2017. Business models as service strategy.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp.1-19.